Every paid operators requires a way for making sure that payment is received in return for the program content they provide. The technical system that accomplishes this objective is called a conditional-access (CA) system. The CA systems enable the service providers to exercise control over the access to a service that is transmitted electronically, and to control the conditions under which access is granted. The reasons behind implementation of CA system include need for imposing payment by the customer for consumed services as well as to curb access to programming in particular geographical area because of program rights considerations or to facilitate parental control.
